(1) Alkaloids, also known as plant alkaloids, are important active components in traditional Chinese medicine. Common examples include berberine found in coptis and ephedrine found in ephedra.
(2) Flavonoids possess bioactivities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Common flavonoid substances include propolis, soy isoflavones, anthocyanins, and tea polyphenols.
(3) Polysaccharides have the effects of reducing serum cholesterol, cancer prevention and treatment, and immune regulation. Examples include Ganoderma polysaccharides, shiitake polysaccharides, and algal polysaccharides.
(4) Glycosides are substances formed by the combination of sugars with phenolic or flavonoid compounds. Different types of aglycones have different physiological activities and possess multifaceted functions.
